• Tune in to your self-talk: Notice the unspoken thoughts that run through your head. 
• Challenge negative thoughts: Replace negative thoughts with positive ones. 
• Practice positive affirmations: Use simple, positive phrases to change your outlook. 
• Practice gratitude: Reflect on what you’re grateful for each day. 
• Practice self-compassion: Treat yourself with the same kindness and understanding you would offer a friend. 
• Surround yourself with positivity: Spend time with positive, supportive people. 

• Increase confidence
• Reduce negative physical and mental symptoms
• Lead to greater life satisfaction
• Improve physical health
• Lower depression rates
• Lower stress levels 

• Increase stress and anxiety
• Add to depression and post-traumatic stress
• Make it more difficult to deal with pain
• Affect a person’s confidence and body image
• Lead to stress and perfectionism
  

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A phrase is a group of words that works together to express an idea, but is not a complete sentence because it doesn’t contain a subject and a verb. Phrases can be used to describe people, things, events, verbs, or adverbs.

Here are some examples of phrases:

• Noun phrase: “The big red ball”
• Verb phrase: “Fainted”
• Adjective phrase: “Very happy”
• Adverb phrase: “With a smile on his face”
• Prepositional phrase: “In the pasture”
• Absolute phrase: “His brow knitted in frustration”

Phrases can be used to make sentences richer by providing context, detail, and clarity. In common usage, phrases can also have a special meaning or significance, such as a euphemism, proverb, or figure of speech. In linguistics, these are known as phrasemes.

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What are phrases of wisdom called?

A proverb or an adage is a simple, traditional saying that expresses a perceived truth based on common sense or experience. Proverbs are often metaphorical and are an example of formulaic language.

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The Collins Dictionary defines a phrase as “a short group of words that people often use as a way of saying something. The meaning of a phrase is often not obvious from the meaning of the individual words in it.” It is also defined as “a small group of words which forms a unit, either on its own or within a sentence.” How do you form a phrase?

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An absolute phrase contains the noun, a participle, and modifiers. Remember that no phrases contain verbs. As we know, a noun is the person, place, or thing in the sentence, a participle is a verb being used as an adjective, and the modifiers are the words or phrases that describe the noun.

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Phrase formation in wordology is the process of combining words to create a phrase, which is a group of words that works together in a sentence but doesn’t contain a subject or verb:

• Structure

A phrase is made up of a head or “nucleus” word, along with other words or groups of words that cluster around it. For example, in the phrase “all those beautiful houses built in the sixties”, the head of the phrase is the noun “houses”.

• Function

Phrases provide more information about the subject of a sentence. For example, in the sentence “Yesterday I saw an orange bird with a white neck”, the phrase “an orange bird with a white neck” functions as the object of the sentence.

• Types

There are different types of phrases, including noun phrases, prepositional phrases, and adverbial phrases.

• Meaning

The meaning of a phrase is often not obvious from the meaning of the individual words in it. For example, the Japanese proverb “of flowers, the cherry blossom; of men, the warrior” conveys that warriors are the foremost among men, but this isn’t obvious to someone who doesn’t know that the cherry blossom is considered the foremost flower in Japan.

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How are words formed? Are there any rules by which words are formed? Let’s find out. This article will walk you through what word formation is, the various types of word formation and the rules to be adhered to when forming words. The number of examples given will make your learning process more effective and easier. Check it out.

Table of Contents

• What Is Word Formation?
• Types of Word Formation with Examples
• Rules to be Followed When Forming Words
• Test Your Understanding of Word Formation
• Frequently Asked Questions on Word Formation in English

What Is Word Formation?

The English language is known for its wonderful quality of the way in which words and sentences are formed and used. Formation of new words from an existing root word by adding a syllable or another word is the general process; however, there are multiple ways in which it can be done.

Types of Word Formation with Examples

The formation of words is classified into four types based on how the process of formation is carried out. They are:

• By adding prefixes
• By adding suffixes
• Converting from one word class to another
• Forming compound words

Let us look at each type of word formation in detail.

Adding Prefixes

The term ‘prefix’ refers to one or more alphabets added to the stem of a word, mostly to make it negative. The most commonly used prefixes include ‘in-’, ‘un-’, ‘dis-’, ‘im-’, ‘ir-’, etc. Look at the examples given below for a clearer understanding of how prefixes are used to form new words.

Examples of Word Formation by the Addition of Prefixes

• Discipline – indiscipline
• Just – unjust
• Tidy – untidy
• Respect – disrespect
• Understand – misunderstand
• Comfortable – uncomfortable
• Comfort – discomfort
• Responsible – irresponsible
• Honest – dishonest
• Happy – unhappy
• Polite – impolite
• Experience – inexperience
• Practical – impractical
• Important – unimportant
• Legal – illegal
• Ethical – unethical
• Potent – impotent

Adding Suffixes

A suffix is a short syllable added at the end of a base word. The addition of suffixes usually changes the word class of the particular word. The most common suffixes include ‘-ment’, ‘-ness’, ‘-ity’, ‘-ous’, ‘-tion’, ‘-sion’, ‘-al’, ‘-able’, ‘-ible’, ‘-ive’, ‘-ly’, ‘-ate’, ‘-er’, ‘-or’, etc. Check out the following examples to see how suffixes are added.

Examples of Word Formation by the Addition of Suffixes

• Comprehend (verb) – comprehension (noun) – comprehensible (adjective)
• Inform (verb) – information (noun) – informative (adjective)
• Invest (verb) – Investment (noun) – Investor (noun)
• Write (verb) – writer (noun)
• Authorise (verb) – authorisation (noun)
• Move (verb) – movement (noun)
• Add (verb) – addition (noun)
• Happy (adjective) – happiness (noun)
• Conserve (verb) – conservation (noun)
• Wide (Adjective) – widen (verb)
• Manage (verb) – manageable (adjective) – manager (noun)
• Courage (noun) – courageous (adjective)
• Brave (adjective) – bravery (noun)
• Profit (noun) – profitable (adjective)
• Quick (adjective) – quickly (adverb)
• Happy (adjective) – happily (adverb)
• Sad (adjective) – sadness (noun)

Conversion

The process of conversion focuses solely on changing the word class of the particular word. If you have noticed, you would have seen how some nouns are used to perform the role of a verb or an adjective acting like a noun just by the addition of another word or slightly altering the spelling of the actual word.

Examples of Word Formation by Conversion

• The rich should help the poor.

Adjectives such as ‘rich’ and ‘poor’ are used as nouns by using them with the article ‘the’.

• Everyone is talented.

‘Talented’ – a past participle is used as an adjective in the above sentence. The word is formed by adding the suffix ‘ed’ to the end of the noun ‘talent’.

• There will definitely be a lot of ups and downs in life.

Prepositions ‘up’ and ‘down’ are used as nouns by adding ‘s’ to the end of it.

• He texted me about the meeting only at the last minute.

The noun ‘text’ used to refer to a text message sent on a phone is used as a verb in the sentence by adding an ‘ed’ to the end of the word.

• The financial aid had to be approved before we could make a decision.

The noun ‘finance’ is used as an adjective by adding ‘ial’ to the end of it and the verb ‘decide’ is used as a noun by removing ‘de’ and adding ‘sion’ to the word.

Forming Compound Words

Compound words are formed by combining one part of speech with another to form a specific word class. There are many ways in which compound words are formed. Verbs are combined with adjectives to form compound verbs, a present participle is combined with a noun to form a compound noun, two nouns are combined to form a compound noun, an adjective and a noun are combined to form a compound noun, an adverb is combined with a noun to form a compound noun, an adjective is combined with a past participle to form a compound adjective and so on. Take a look at the following examples and go through the articles on compound nouns, compound words and compound adjectives to understand how they work.

Examples of Word Formation by Compounding

• Over (adverb) + load (noun) – Overload
• White (adjective) + wash (verb) – Whitewash
• Black (adjective) + board (noun ) – Blackboard
• Cup (noun) + board (noun) – Cupboard
• Short (adjective) + hand (noun) – Shorthand
• Swimming (present participle) + pool (noun) – Swimming pool
• Three (adjective) + legged (past participle) – Three-legged
• Break (verb) + Down (preposition) – Breakdown
• Up (preposition) + town (noun) – Uptown
• Copy (verb) + writer (noun) – Copywriter
• Sun (noun) + rise (verb) – Sunrise
• Count (verb) + down (preposition) – Countdown
• Flash (verb) + mob (noun) – Flash mob
• Master (noun) + piece (noun) – Masterpiece
• Round (adjective) + table (noun) – Round-table

Rules to be Followed When Forming Words

Formation of words can be a very interesting exercise, but you have to be really careful when you are adding inflections or affixes. There are a few things you will need to bear in mind when you are forming words. Take a look at the following points to learn what they are.

• Before making any change to the stem of the word, try to analyse what is the kind of meaning you want the word to convey and what role the word will have to play in the sentence.
• In most cases, the beginning of the base word remains the same. Only when prefixes are added the word has a syllable added to the beginning of it. Notice that even in this case, the word is retained as such.
• When suffixes are added, there are many instances where you will have to remove the last one or more alphabets of the word and add the suffix. However, there are words like ‘movement’ where the suffix is just added without any change in the spelling of the base word.
• Here is one way to easily know which suffix has to be added to form a particular word class – most often, nouns end in ‘er’, ‘or’, ‘ist’, ‘ian’, ‘ion’, ‘ment’, ‘ness’, and ‘ity’; verbs end in ‘ise’, ‘ate’ and ‘en’; adjectives end in ‘able’, ‘ible’, ‘ive’, ‘ic’, ‘ed’, ‘ing’ and ‘al’; and adverbs normally end in ‘ly’.
• When words are formed by conversion, be very careful. Make sure you know that you are converting them accurately and using them in the sentence properly.
• When forming compound words, see to it that you hyphenate them if necessary, use the right combination of words and do not just mix and match any word.
• Changing from one tense to another also can also be considered a type of word formation, as the word is inflected to indicate the twelve different tenses in the English language.
• Forming degrees of comparison can also be put under word formation. In this case, the comparative and superlative degrees are formed by adding ‘er’ and ‘est’ to the end of the adjective. The comparative and superlative degrees of polysyllabic words are formed by using ‘more’ and ‘most’, respectively, along with the adjective.

Test Your Understanding of Word Formation

Exercise 1 – Add Prefixes and Suffixes

Add prefixes and suffixes to the following words.

1. Passion____
2. Remember____
3. ____conscious
4. Sense____
5. ____acceptable
6. Entertain____
7. ____representation
8. Neat____
9. Invent____
10. ____interpret

Answers for Exercise 1

1. Passionate
2. Remembrance
3. Unconscious/Subconscious
4. Sensible/Senseless
5. Unacceptable
6. Entertainment
7. Misrepresentation
8. Neatly/Neatness
9. Invention
10. Misinterpret

Exercise 2 – Conversion of Words

Go through the following words and convert them as directed.

1. Money (convert into adjective)
2. Brave (convert into noun)
3. Clean (convert into noun)
4. Prayer (convert into adjective)
5. Resemblance (convert into verb)
6. Slow (convert into adverb)
7. Treat (convert into noun)
8. Confession (convert into verb)
9. Vary (convert into adjective)
10. Beauty (convert into verb)

Answers for Exercise 2

1. Monetary
2. Bravery
3. Cleanliness
4. Prayerful
5. Resemble
6. Slowly
7. Treatment
8. Confess
9. Various/variable
10. Beautify

Exercise 3 – Form Compound Words

Go through the words in the box given below and use them to form ten compound words.

up, table, spend, load, green, machine, case, make, estimate, over, self

1. _______ confident
2. Washing _______
3. Time _______
4. Under _______
5. _______sufficient
6. Up_______
7. _______set
8. Suit_______
9. _______over
10. _______thrift

Answers for Exercise 3

1. Overconfident
2. Washing machine
3. Timetable
4. Underestimate
5. Self-sufficient
6. Upload
7. Upset
8. Suitcase
9. Makeover
10. Spendthrift

Frequently Asked Questions on Word Formation in English

Q1

What is word formation?

Word formation is the process by which new words are formed by adding an affix, another word or converting from one word class to another by removing and adding alphabets.

Q2

What are the four types of word formation?

The four types of word formation include:

• Addition of prefix
• Addition of suffix
• Conversion from one word class to another
• Forming compound words

Q3

Give some examples of word formation.

Here are some examples of the various types of word formation for your reference:

• Practical – impractical (prefix)
• Purpose – purposeful (suffix)
• Silent – silence (conversion)
• Dining + room – Dining room (compound word)
• Small – smaller – smallest (degrees of comparison)